Unit V & VI: Memory

Memory:

Memory: The persistence of learning over time through the process of storage and retrieval of information

Three Memory Concepts:

1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system

2. Storage: The retention of material over time.

3. Retrieval: the process of getting the information our of memory storage.

Recall: retrieve information from your memory (a fill in the blank test)

Recognition: must identify the target from possible targets (multiple choice)

Flash bowl memory: a clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event

Three Memory Types:

·         Sensory memory: the immediate initial recording of sensory information. It is stored for just an instant and most of the information goes unprocessed.

·         Short term memory: holds a few items briefly. If it doesn't stay in shirt term it goes to long term or it is forgotten. Also known as the working memory

1. Audio

2. Visual

3. Integration of audio and visual

·         Long term memory: permanent and limitless store house of memory.

Encoding

Two ways to encode

1. Automatic processing:    unconscious encoding of incidental information.

-You encode space, time and word meaning without effort

-Things can become automatics with practice

- for example if I tell you that you are jerk

2: Effortful Processing: encoding that re quotes attention and conscious effort

- rehearsal is the most common Effortful processing technique

v  The next-in-line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next

v  Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered

v  Tales info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

Spacing effect:  we encode better when we study or practice over time

Serial positioning effect: our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Types of encoding:

- Semantic encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of the word

- Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words

-Visual encoding: the encoding of picture images

Self- reference effect: the idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves

Tricks to encoding

-          use imagery:

Devices use imagery. Like my "peg word" system

Chunking: Organizing items into familiar manageable units

Storage- How we retain the information we encode

Iconic memory: a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli a photograph like way kitty lashing only about a second

Echoic memory for auditory stimuli. If you are not paying attention to someone you can still recall theasg few words said in the past three or four seconds

Long term Potentiation: Long lasting: enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously

Stress and Memory

Deals with The hippocampus

- dangerous to your hippocampus disrupts our memory

- Left= verbal

- Right= Visual and Locations

Types of Retrieval Failure: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Retroactive interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information