Nature vs Nurture
- are you the way you are because of the way you were born? (Nature)
- are you the way you are because of the way you were raised (Nurture)
Cross- sectional
- participants is different ages studied at the same time
Longitudinal Studies
- One group if people studied over a period of time
Physical Development
- focus on our physical changes over time
{Parental development}
- sperm tries to enter the egg
Once the sperm penetrated the egg- we have a fertilized egg called a...
Zygote: the first stage of parental development lasts about two weeks and consists of rapid cell division.
- less than half of all zygotes survive first two weeks
- about 10 days after conception, the zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall
- the outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta
After two weeks the zygote develops into an...
Embryo
- Last about 6 weeks
- Heart begins to best and the organs begin to develop
By nine weeks we have a..
Fetus
- by nine weeks we have a...
- the fetus by about the 6th month, the stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive outside of mother
- At this time the baby can hear and recognize sound and respond to light
Teratogens
- chemical agents that can harm the prenatal environment
- alcohol
- STDs can also harm the baby
- HIV
- herpes
Parental Development
- 40 days
- 45 days
- 2 months
Healthy newborns
- turn head toward voice
- see 8 to 12 inches from their face
- gaze no longer at human like objects right from birth
-Rooting(cheek): when a newborn is touched on the cheek the newborn will turn its head toward the source of stimulation.
-Sucking
-Grasping Reflex: if an object is placed into a baby's Palm the baby will try to grasp the object with his or her fingers
-Moro (startle): when startled a baby will fling his or her limbs out and quickly retract them.
-Babinski (foot): when a baby's foot is stroked he or she will spread their toes.
Maturation: physical growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior regardless of the environment. Although the timing of our growth may be different the sequence is almost the same.
Motor Development: sequence is the same but once again timing varies. First learn to roll over sit up unsupported
Cognition: all mental activities associated with thinking knowing and remembering.
Schemas: schemes are ways we interpret the world around us(concepts)
Assimilation: incorporating new experiences into existing schemes.
Accommodation: changing on existing schema to adapt to new information.
4 Stages of Cognitive Development:
1. Sensorimeter Stage: (0-2) experience the world through our senses
Object Permanence develops around 6-8 months of age.
2. Pre-operational Stage:(2-6 or 7): begin to use language to represent objects and ideas(thinks in symbols) no logical, magical thinking, egocentric: early in this stage they cannot look at the world through anyone's eyes but their own. Conservation: refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking.
3. Concrete Operational Stage: (7-11) can demonstrate concept of conservation. Learn to think logically. Understanding of reversibility or awareness that actions can be reversed.
4. Formal Operational Stage:(12 yrs and older) abstract reasoning. Hypothesis thinking. Reasoning with metaphors and analogies.
Attachment: bond with caregiver
Konrad Lorenz discovered that some animals form attachment through imprinting
Harry Harlow: showed that monkeys needed touch or body contact to form attachment.
Critical period: shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development.
Responsive Parenting: Mary Ainsworth "Strange Situation" study.
Three types of attachment: 1. Secure- children show some distress when parent leaves, seek contact at the reunion, explore when parent gone, play and greet when parent present. Insecure attachments lack 1 or more of these traits. 2. Avoidant -
3. Anxious/ambivalent
Stranger Anxiety: fear of strangers that infants commonly display , 8 months of age.
Separation Anxiety.
Parenting Styles: Authorization parents- expect obedience. Permissive Parents- child's desire Authoritative Parents-both the parent and child compromise
Adolescence: the transition period between childhood to adulthood.
Puberty: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Primary Sexual Characteristics: body structures that make reproduction possible.
Secondary Sexual Characteristics: non reproductive sexual characteristics.
Landmarks for Puberty: -menarche for girls. First ejaculation for boys.
Adulthood: all physical abilities essentially peak by our mid twenties.
Physical Milestones; menopause: the natural ending of a women's ability to reproduce. There are physical symptoms led by a lack of estrogen.
Types of Intelligence:
crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge. Increases with age.
Fluid Intelligence: ability to solve problems quickly and think abstractly. Peaks in the 20s and then decreases over time.
Alzheimer's Disease: a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory language and physical functioning. (Acetylcholine)
Life expectancy keeps increasing- now about 75.
Women outlive men by 4 years but more men are conceived 126 to 100. Then 105-100 by birth. Men die easier.
Death: Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's Stages of Grief: 1.Denial 2.Anger 3.Bargaining 4.Depression 5.Acceptance
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